An estimated 25,000 barrels of gasoline blend stock were loaded on each barge. An unknown amount of product has been released from the damaged barge, air monitoring is being conducted along the shoreline from Sylvan Beach to Kemah. The larger the island of knowledge, the longer the shoreline of mystery.Īir monitoring is being conducted along the shoreline from Sylvan Beach to Kemah. Without the oyster reefs, the whole shoreline is fundamentally changed, we think oyster reefs can be part of an integrated approach to resiliency and proactive planning for climate change. The health and safety of our residents and visitors is of the utmost importance. We understand the significance our beaches have on tourism, our economy, and our overall livelihood here in Huntington Beach, it is important that our decision to reopen our shoreline and water be based on data and that we continue to monitor the water quality going forward.The past two years have seen a dramatic increase in the available data on gene sequence and gene expression for cnidarians and other “lower” Metazoa, and a flurry of recent papers has drawn on these to address the origins of bilaterality. Cnidarian homologs of many genes that play key roles in the specification of both the A/P and D/V axes of bilaterians have been characterized, and their patterns of expression determined. OTX OTX, Orthodenticle OTX, Off the Xans OTX, Oakland Technology Exchange (Oakland, CA) OTX, Open Targeting Exchange (AdBrite, Inc. Some of these expression patterns are consistent with the possibility of conservation of function between Cnidaria and Bilateria, but others clearly differ. Moreover, in some cases very different interpretations have been made on the basis of the same, or similar, data. In part, these differences reflect the inevitable uncertainties associated with the depth of the divergence between cnidarians and bilaterians. In this article, we briefly summarize the cnidarian data on gene expression and organization relevant to axis formation, the varying interpretations of these data, and where they conflict. Our conclusion is that the presently available data do not allow us to unequivocally homologize the single overt axis of cnidarians with either of the bilaterian axes. The axes and assumptions concerning their originsĪlthough still frequently described as radially symmetrical and diploblastic, there is a long-standing debate over the axes and the body layers of cnidarians and how it/they relate to those of Bilateria.
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1998 Seipel and Schmid 2005), or are they an evolutionary offshoot that evolved from an already bilateral common ancestor? The standard textbook view has been that the Cnidaria are separated from the Bilateria by two major dichotomies. Otx meaning shoreline Secondly, there is a hypothesis, traced by Willmer ( 1990) from Haeckel ( 1874, 1875), through Hyman ( 1940) to Salvini-Plawen and Splechtna ( 1978), which proposes that cnidarians arose from a settling biradial planula with a single pair of tentacles. Firstly, they are considered to be radial, while Bilateria are bilateral. Secondly, they are considered to be diploblastic (have two body layers) in contrast to the triploblastic Bilateria. Further, it is commonly assumed that the oral end of Cnidaria, where the mouth lies, corresponds to the anterior end of Bilateria. Following the release of the group's full-length mixtape in.
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The fossil record and the anatomy of the ancestral cnidarianīefore evaluating the textbook generalizations outlined above, there are several matters that should be considered. Firstly, the nature of the common ancestor of Cnidaria and Bilateria is still a matter of active debate the possibilities being a medusoid form (see Seipel and Schmid 2005 for a summary of arguments), a polypoid form or a planuloid form. The fossil record does not provide any guidance as to the nature of the common ancestor since the earliest known fossil assemblages, from the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran deposits, “included a mixture of stem- and crown-group radial animals, stem-group bilaterian animals, ‘failed experiments’ in animal evolution, and perhaps representatives of other eukaryotic kingdoms” (Narbonne 2005). D.A.Secondly, there is a hypothesis, traced by Willmer ( 1990) from Haeckel ( 1874, 1875), through Hyman ( 1940) to Salvini-Plawen and Splechtna ( 1978), which proposes that cnidarians arose from a settling biradial planula with a single pair of tentacles.
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